Beyoncé Knowles
Background information
Birth name Beyoncé Giselle Knowles
Born September 4, 1981 (1981-09-04) (age 25)
Flag of United States Houston, Texas, United States
Genre(s) R&B, soul
Occupation(s) Singer, songwriter, record producer, actress, dancer, fashion
designer, model, philanthropist
Years active 1990–present (singing)
2001–present (acting)
Label(s) Columbia
Sony Urban Music
Associated
acts Destiny's Child, Jay-Z, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams, Solange
Knowles
Website BeyonceOnline.com
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles (IPA pronunciation: [bi.jɔn.ˈseɪ][1]) (born
September 4, 1981) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, record producer,
actress, dancer, fashion designer, and model. Knowles rose to fame as the
creative force and lead singer of R&B girl group Destiny's Child, the
world's best-selling female group of all time.[2][3][4]
After a series of commercially successful releases with the group, Knowles
released her debut solo album Dangerously in Love in 2003. The album became
one of the biggest commercial successes of the year, topping the album
charts in the U.S. and the UK. It also spawned the number-one singles "Crazy
in Love" and "Baby Boy" and earned Knowles five Grammy Awards in a single
night in 2004. Knowles' second album, B’Day, which was released worldwide on
September 4, 2006 (her twenty-fifth birthday), continued her success. The
album spawned the UK number-one singles "Déjà Vu" and "Beautiful Liar", as
well as the worldwide number-one hit "Irreplaceable". The album also earned
Knowles her seventh solo Grammy Award (she has won ten in total).
Knowles has contributed to the soundtracks to films in which she has
starred, including Dreamgirls (2006), for which she received two Golden
Globe Award nominations, one for acting and another for the soul hit
"Listen".
Early life
Knowles is the elder of two daughters born to Mathew Knowles and Tina
Beyincé in Houston, Texas. Her parents decided on her first name as a
tribute to her mother's maiden name.[5] Her maternal grandparents, Lumis
Beyincé and Agnéz Deréon (a seamstress), were French-speaking Louisiana
Creoles.[5] She is the older sister of Solange Knowles, cousin to Angela
Beyincé (her personal assistant and song co-writer), and aunt to Solange's
son Daniel Julez Smith, Jr. By age seven, she was attending dance school and
was a soloist in her church's choir. Her dance instructor took an interest
in Knowles and took her star student to various competitions. Knowles went
on to win over thirty local singing and dancing competitions.
Knowles and her childhood best friends LaTavia Roberson and Kelly Rowland
along with LeToya Luckett formed a quartet that would perform in their
backyards and in Tina Knowles' hair salon. After singing at local events,
they got their break when they entered Star Search.[6] The group, then named
"Girl's Tyme",[7] were disappointed after losing the competition. Mathew
Knowles, Knowles' father and Rowland's legal guardian, decided to help the
girls reach their dreams of becoming singers. He quit his six-figure salary
job as a multi-million dollar equipment salesman at Xerox to manage the
group.[8] This decision by Mathew eventually affected the whole family.
Their income had been cut in half, causing the family to move into two
different apartments. When the group was signed to Columbia Records in 1996,
it gave the entire family a second chance at making things work.
As a teenager, Knowles attended the High School for the Performing and
Visual Arts in Houston, where she showed her musical talents. She later went
to Alief Elsik High School, in the Alief neighborhood of Houston.
Destiny's Child
Destiny's Child rose to fame in 1998 with the Billboard top ten hit and R&B
number-one single "No, No, No Part 2". Even after much-publicized turmoil
involving the departure of LeToya Luckett and LaTavia Roberson, Destiny's
Child (eventually a trio) became one of the most successful R&B/pop acts of
the early 2000s, charting four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles, several
top ten hits, and two number-one albums.
Their 1998 Platinum-selling debut album Destiny's Child was produced by
Wyclef Jean and Jermaine Dupri and featured the double Platinum number-one
single "No, No, No Part 2". The group's second album, The Writing's on the
Wall, released in 1999, featured two number-one hits: "Bills, Bills, Bills"
and "Say My Name". "Bug a Boo" and "Jumpin' Jumpin'" were also popular
singles from the album. It went on to sell thirteen million copies worldwide
and eight million in the U.S. Furthermore, "Say My Name" won two awards at
the 2001 Grammy Awards: "Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals"
and "Best R&B Song".
Their following album, Survivor, proved to be another big success, going to
number one on both the U.S. Billboard 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, as
well as the Canadian and the UK albums charts. Two singles from the album
went to the top of the Hot 100: "Independent Women Part I" and "Bootylicious",
while "Survivor", the album's title track, reached number two. In the United
Kingdom, the first two tracks released reached number one consecutively.
"Independent Women Part I" had been the theme song for the film Charlie's
Angels (2000), before the album's release. The title track, "Survivor", won
the group their third Grammy Award, "Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group
with Vocals".
In 2001, Knowles won the "Songwriter of the Year" award from the American
Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. She is the
first African-American female and second overall female songwriter of all
time to accomplish this.
After the three-year journey that involved concentration on individual solo
projects, Knowles rejoined Rowland and Williams for Destiny's Child's fourth
(and so far final) studio album, Destiny Fulfilled, released in November
2004. The album hit number two on the Billboard 200 and spawned the hits
"Lose My Breath", "Soldier", "Girl", and "Cater 2 U". It has sold eight
million copies worldwide.
In 2005, Destiny's Child embarked on a world tour sponsored by McDonald's
titled Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin' It, visiting over seventy cities
throughout Australia, Asia, Europe, and North America from April to
September. On June 13, 2005 it was announced that the group would disband
after their world tour ended in September 2005. In October 2005, the group
released their final album, entitled #1's, including all of Destiny's
Child's number-one hits and most of their well-known songs. The greatest
hits collection also includes three new tracks, including "Stand Up for
Love". The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and number seven
on the UK Albums Chart. #1's has gone on to sell three million copies
worldwide.
Solo career
During the autumn of 2002, Knowles was the featured vocalist on rapper
Jay-Z's hit single, "'03 Bonnie & Clyde". In the spring of 2003, Knowles
remade a duet with Luther Vandross, "The Closer I Get to You", originally
made famous by Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway. In this version, the vocal
parts are switched, with Vandross taking Flack's part and Knowles taking
Hathaway's. The song was included on both her solo debut album and on
Vandross's Dance with My Father album, and the two shared the Grammy for
"Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals" that same year. She
recently collaborated with her beau, Jay-Z, on his latest album, Kingdom
Come, providing the vocals and the hook for the track entitled "Hollywood".
Dangerously in Love (2003)
In 2003, Knowles released her debut solo album, Dangerously in Love. The
album entered the Billboard 200 at number one selling 317,000 copies in its
first week. It was certified Platinum just three weeks later on June 22,
2003. Its first single, the funky "Crazy in Love", was a track constructed
around a propulsive riff sampled from The Chi-Lites' 1970 "Are You My Woman
(Tell Me So)" and featured a guest rap from Jay-Z. It rapidly became one of
the biggest hits of that summer, staying at number one on the Billboard Hot
100 for eight weeks. Dangerously in Love went to the top of the album charts
in the UK, Canada, the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, and the Philippines,
and peaked on both the U.S. Billboard 200 and R&B charts. The album has sold
over four million copies in the U.S. and over eight million copies
worldwide.[9] When her single and album simultaneously topped the main
charts in both the U.S. and the UK, she became the first act to achieve this
feat since Men at Work in 1983 and The Beatles, Simon and Garfunkel, and Rod
Stewart in the 1960s and 1970s; she is the first and so far the only female
artist to do this. Knowles was consequently one of the biggest-selling
artists of 2003.
Towards the end of the summer, "Baby Boy", the second single from
Dangerously in Love, which featured dancehall artist Sean Paul, began to
climb the charts. It went on to become one of the biggest hits of 2003,
dominating radio airplay in the autumn of 2003, and spending nine weeks at
number one — one week longer than "Crazy in Love". Afterwards Knowles
released her third solo single, "Me, Myself and I"; Dangerously in Love's
fourth single, "Naughty Girl", came out in mid-2004.
Audio samples:
* "Crazy in Love" (2003) (file info) — [Play media] play in browser (beta)
o Beyoncé's first solo number-one hit around the world.
* "Baby Boy" (2003) (file info) — [Play media] play in browser (beta)
o Beyoncé's second single from her debut album Dangerously in Love.
* Problems playing the files? See media help.
At the 2004 Grammy Awards ceremony, Knowles won five Grammy Awards for her
solo effort, which included "Best Female R&B Vocal Performance" for
"Dangerously in Love 2", "Best R&B Song" for "Crazy in Love", and "Best
Contemporary R&B Album". Three other female artists hold this record: Lauryn
Hill (1999), Alicia Keys (2002), and Norah Jones (2003). She also won a BRIT
Award in 2004 for "International Female Solo Artist" in the United Kingdom.
In December 2005, Knowles released "Check on It", featuring rappers Slim
Thug and (on the official remix) Bun B. The song was from the Destiny's
Child's greatest hits compilation, #1's and the soundtrack to the 2006 film
The Pink Panther and it was Knowles' sixth top five hit and third number one
in the U.S.
At the 2006 Grammy Awards, Knowles won a Grammy in the category of "Best R&B
Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals" for the song "So Amazing", a duet
with Stevie Wonder from the Luther Vandross tribute album So Amazing: An
All-Star Tribute to Luther Vandross.
B’Day (2006)
Knowles' second studio album B’Day was released worldwide on September 4,
2006 and on September 5, 2006 in the U.S. to coincide with the celebration
of Knowles' twenty-fifth birthday. In its first week, the album sold more
than 541,000 copies in the U.S., immediately coming in at number one, making
it her highest first-week sales as a solo artist. This is also the highest
first-week sales of any solo female artist in 2006, a record which used to
be held by pop singer Christina Aguilera whose album Back to Basics sold
346,000 copies in its first week. In the UK, it debuted at number three with
sales of 35,000 copies, and, with combined sales with the deluxe edition,
has sold 600,000 copies, making the album Double Platinum. "Déjà Vu", the
album's first single, features Jay-Z. Also with the co-production by Rodney
Jerkins. Other co-producers on B’Day included Rich Harrison, The Neptunes,
and Swizz Beatz. Currently, the album has been certified triple Platinum in
the U.S. for shipments of over three million copies. The album has had
worldwide success selling 5.2 million copies worldwide.[10]
The album's lead single "Déjà Vu" became a top five hit in the United States
and a number-one hit on the U.S. R&B chart and the UK chart, making it
Knowles' second UK number-one single, when it climbed twenty spots to take
the top spot over Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean's "Hips Don't Lie" in the
week of August 27, 2006.
Audio samples:
* "Déjà Vu" (2006) (file info) — [Play media] play in browser (beta)
o Beyoncé's second solo number-one single on the UK Singles Chart.
* "Irreplaceable" (2006) (file info) — [Play media] play in browser (beta)
o Beyoncé's fourth solo number-one single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.
* Problems playing the files? See media help.
The second single, "Ring the Alarm", was leaked to the Internet on August 8,
2006. The video for "Ring the Alarm" was released on August 16, 2006 on
Yahoo.com and peaked at number one on the site's video chart. "Ring the
Alarm" became Knowles' highest-charting single debut, when it debuted at
number twelve on the singles chart but only peaked at number eleven.
Outside North America, "Irreplaceable" was released as the album's second
international single in October 2006. The single debuted at number
eighty-seven on the Hot 100 and number forty-two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop
Songs chart. The song peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart and
number one on the Australian Singles Chart. It has also been taking over on
the Irish Singles Chart, peaking at number one in its second week.
"Irreplaceable" is her fourth number one as solo artist on Billboard Hot 100
chart. It is Knowles' eighth top ten hit in the U.S. as a solo artist and
fourth number-one hit on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. In December
2006, a Spanish-language version of "Irreplaceable", called "Imprescindible",
was released. "Irreplaceable" spent ten consecutive weeks at number one on
the Billboard Hot 100.
On December 6, the nominations for the 2007 Grammy Awards were announced,
and Knowles received five, of which she won "Best Contemporary R&B Album".
On February 28, "Beautiful Liar", a duet with Latin superstar Shakira, and
"Upgrade U", Knowles' fifth collaboration with Jay-Z, were released as the
latest singles from B’Day. To promote the new releases, Knowles premiered
music videos for both singles on MTV's Total Request Live and BET's 106 &
Park on February 28, 2007, respectively.
Deluxe edition and B’Day Anthology Video Album
Knowles re-released B’Day as a deluxe edition on April 3, 2007. It features
new tracks — including "Beautiful Liar", which made Billboard history when
it jumped from number ninety-four to number three on the Hot 100 in one week
on April 7, 2007, and "Amor Gitano", a duet with Mexican singer Alejandro
Fernández used as the theme song for the Colombian telenovela Zorro: La
Espada y la Rosa. Also included are Spanish-language versions of
"Irreplaceable", "Listen", and "Beautiful Liar".
On April 2, full-length videos for "Get Me Bodied", "Green Light", and "Suga
Mama" premiered on BET to promote B’Day Anthology Video Album released the
following day. A fifty-seven-second preview of "Kitty Kat" was included
also, appearing in the beginning of "Green Light". Sony BMG has released all
of the videos (with the exception of "Still in Love (Kissing You)") from the
DVD to their official music video website, Musicbox.[11]
In Australia, the deluxe edition of B’Day was released on April 16, 2007.
Unlike the U.S. release, the Australian edition comes packaged in a CD/DVD
combo featuring nineteen tracks on the CD and twelve music videos on the
DVD. The Australian release does not feature the track "Still in Love
(Kissing You)" on either the CD or DVD. However, the CD does feature tracks
"If" and "Check on It", which are not featured on the U.S. release.
Additionally, "World Wide Woman" appears as a hidden track on the U.S.
release while it is an officially-listed track on the Australian disc.
Finally, apart from the track "Amor Gitano", the Australian disc does not
feature any of the Spanish tracks. The European and the Asian edition of
B’Day are the same as the Australian release.
On the week of April 21, B’Day jumped from number sixty-nine to number six
on the Billboard 200 thanks to sales of the re-release on April 3 with sales
of 126,000 units on the first week.On the week of April 22, the deluxe edition of B’Day and the B’Day Anthology
Video Album that include the song "Still in Love (Kissing You)" were pulled
from distribution due to a lawsuit filed by English singer Des'ree. The
lawsuit is over Knowles' cover of Des'ree's 1998 "I'm Kissing You" which was
granted permission — within certain limits. For one thing, they would allow
use of the song, but not in video form. They would also allow use of the
song only if the title was not changed. Despite follow-ups, they didn't hear
back from Knowles' camp. On March 27, according to the complaint, they
discovered that Knowles and her record label planned to proceed with their
plans to include the song on the re-release anyway which they changed the
title to the song and made a video from which they didn't follow copyrighted
laws. In a letter they wrote to Knowles' lawyer and her distribution group
Sony, the Royalty Network called the move "completely unacceptable. Des'ree
is apparently seeking $150,000 in damages".[12]
Knowles has recently embarked on her lengthy The Beyoncé Experience concert
tour which has sold out various shows worldwide. She is expected to have
Robin Thicke,[13] Lemar (Europe only),[14] and Chris Brown[15] (Australia
only) as her opening acts. She will tour from the beginning of the spring of
2007 to the end of the summer of 2007.
Film career
In 2001, Knowles turned to acting, starring alongside actor Mekhi Phifer in
the MTV made-for-television film Carmen: A Hip Hopera.
In the summer of 2002, Knowles co-starred in the film Austin Powers in
Goldmember, playing Foxxy Cleopatra opposite Mike Myers and Michael Caine.
Knowles also recorded the song "Work It Out" for the film's soundtrack.
"Work It Out" was a top ten hit in the UK and a top forty hit in the
Netherlands, Australia, and Ireland.
In 2003, Knowles starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr. in the film The Fighting
Temptations, and recorded a song for it called "Fighting Temptation",
alongside female rappers Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free. Unlike Knowles'
own singles, the song did not become a hit, although the film was a moderate
success at the box office. Knowles co-starred in the film The Pink Panther,
playing the role of Xania, an international pop star, opposite Steve Martin,
who plays Inspector Clouseau. The film was released on February 10, 2006,
and was number one at the box office on its opening weekend.[16] With Austin
Powers in Goldmember and The Pink Panther, Knowles appeared in two films
that opened at number one at the box office; the two films have grossed over
$481,364,728 worldwide.
Knowles' latest film work is Dreamgirls, the film adaptation of the hit 1981
Broadway musical about a 1960s singing group loosely based on Motown
all-female group The Supremes, as the Diana Ross-based character Deena
Jones. The film received a limited release on December 15, 2006 and a wider
release on December 25, 2006. On December 14, 2006, Knowles was nominated
for two Golden Globe Awards for the film Dreamgirls — "Best Actress - Motion
Picture Musical or Comedy" and "Best Original Song" for "Listen".[17] The
film opened number three at the box office with an eight-million-dollar
opening weekend. Knowles was quoted to say this was her first real acting
film. Dreamgirls was nominated for eight 2007 Academy Awards — including
"Best Original Song" for "Listen" —, of which it won two.[18] The film has
passed the $100 million dollar gross mark in the United States.
Philanthropy
Knowles, music producer David Foster, and his daughter, Amy Foster Gillies,
wrote Destiny's Child's single "Stand Up for Love" for World Children's Day,
an event which takes place annually around the world on November 20 to raise
awareness and funds for children's causes worldwide. Destiny's Child lent
their voices and support as global ambassadors for the 2005 World Children's
Day program.
Knowles and Kelly Rowland, along with Mathew Knowles, Tina Knowles, and
sister Solange Knowles recently announced the formation of the Survivor
Foundation, a charitable entity set up for the purpose of providing
transitional housing for 2005 Hurricane Katrina victims and storm evacuees
in the Houston, Texas area. The Survivor Foundation extends the
philanthropic mission of the "Knowles-Rowland Center For Youth", a
multi-purpose community outreach facility in downtown Houston.
Controversy
Animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
have voiced concern over Knowles wearing and using fur in her clothing line,
House of Deréon.[19] After winning an online eBay auction, offered by VH1
for the Save the Music Foundation, to dine with Knowles in June 2006, two
PETA members confronted the singer at a restaurant in New York City about
her use of fur.[20] Knowles did not respond, and the PETA members were
escorted out.[21] PETA also wrote a letter of concern to Knowles about the
treatment of baby alligators in a photoshoot for B’Day.[22]
Discography
Albums
* 2003: Dangerously in Love
* 2006: B’Day
DVDs
* 2004: Live at Wembley
* 2007: B’Day Anthology Video Album
Number-one singles
The following singles reached number one in the United States, the United
Kingdom, Australia, Germany, France, Europe and/or United World Chart. For a
full singles discography, see Beyoncé Knowles discography.
Year Single Chart positions[23][24][25]
U.S. UK AUS GER FRA EUR WOR
2003 "Crazy in Love" (featuring Jay-Z) 1 1 2 6 21 1 1
"Baby Boy" (featuring Sean Paul) 1 2 3 4 8 4 3
2006 "Check on It" (featuring Slim Thug) 1 3 — 11 32 6 2
"Déjà Vu" (featuring Jay-Z) 4 1 12 9 23 5 8
"Irreplaceable" 1 4 1 11 10 4 1
2007 "Beautiful Liar" (with Shakira) 3 1 5 1 1 1 2
Total Number-one hits 4 3 1 1 1 2 2
Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
2001 Carmen: A Hip Hopera Carmen Brown Television film
2002 Austin Powers in Goldmember Foxxy Cleopatra Debuted at number one;
grossed $296,633,907 worldwide[26]
2003 The Fighting Temptations Lilly Debuted at number three; grossed
$32,445,215 worldwide[27]
2004 Fade to Black Herself Music documentary about Jay-Z
2006 The Pink Panther Xania Debuted at number one; grossed $158,399,967
worldwide[28]
Dreamgirls Deena Jones Peaked at number three; grossed $153,465,956+
worldwide
Awards
Records and achievements
* Ranked number one on AskMen.com's list of Top 99 Most Desirable Women of
2007, voted by 8.5 million men.[29]
Endorsements and products
* House of Deréon — her clothing line, named after her maternal grandmother,
is sold in most major U.S. department stores.
* Pepsi
* L'Oréal
* Wal-Mart — Christmas Celebration Sale of 2005 with Destiny's Child.
* Tommy Hilfiger fragrances
o True Star (2004)
o True Star Gold (2005)
* Emporio Armani diamonds
* Got Milk? campaign
* McDonald's (as part of the Destiny's Child farewell tour, Destiny
Fulfilled... And Lovin' It)
* Samantha Thavasa (Japan)
* Ford[30]
* Walt Disney Theme Parks — appeared in an advertisement dressed as Alice
from Alice in Wonderland.
* Samsung
References
1. ^ See inogolo.com: Pronunciation of Beyoncé.
2. ^ Destiny's Child Named The World's Best Selling Female Group Of All
Time!. Sony BMG Australia (September 2, 2005). Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
3. ^ Destiny's World Domination. Yahoo! Music (September 1, 2005). Retrieved
on 2006-12-28.
4. ^ Destiny's Child Ruled At World Music Awards. Softpedia (September 3,
2005). Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
5. ^ a b BEYONCÉ'S NAME SPARKED FAMILY CONTROVERSY. Platinum-Celebs.com
(February 18, 2004). Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
6. ^ All Grown Up. Yahoo! Music (March 3, 1998). Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
7. ^ daily recap. UTRL.net (November 17, 2002). Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
8. ^ A cover story on Beyoncé written for Rolling Stone in early 2004..
Toure.com (September 1, 2004). Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
9. ^ BeyonceWorld.net
10. ^ Best sellers of 2006 releases TO DATE. Pulse Music Board (June 22,
2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-22.
11. ^ Beyonce videos. Musicbox. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
12. ^ Beyonce's B'Day Over? Singer Pulls Deluxe Editions Due To Lawsuit. MTV
News (April 24, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
13. ^ Robin Thicke Will Tour With Beyonce. AHotCelebrityMess.com (April 13,
2007).
14. ^ Lemar and Beyonce on Tour. Lemar-Online.com (April 25, 2007).
15. ^ Chris Brown Primes New LP, Gets Ready To Conquer Australia With
Beyonce. MTV Asia (March 22, 2007).
16. ^ Weekend Box Office. Box Office Guru (February 13, 2006). Retrieved on
2007-05-06.
17. ^ Nominees for the 2007 Golden Globe Awards in full. Times Online
(December 15, 2006). Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
18. ^ Nominations List - 79th Annual Academy Awards. Oscars.org. Retrieved
on 2007-01-29.
19. ^ Beyoncé ambushed by animal lovers. The Sydney Morning Herald (June 20,
2006). Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
20. ^ Anti-fur activists target Knowles. BBC News (June 17, 2006). Retrieved
on 2007-01-12.
21. ^ Beyoncé get's Attacked By PETA!!. MySpace. Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
22. ^ PETA Wants Gator-aid From Beyoncé. TMZ.com (August 29, 2006).
Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
23. ^ Beyoncé Knowles: Charts. MusicSquare.net. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
24. ^ Chart Data: Beyoncé. Mariah-Charts.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
25. ^ Euro 200. ApcChart.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
26. ^ Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on
2007-01-12.
27. ^ The Fighting Temptations (2003). Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on
2007-01-12.
28. ^ The Pink Panther (2006). Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
29. ^ Beyoncé Named Top Fantasy Girlfriend. NewsMax Media (February 1,
2007). Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
30. ^ EDGY ADS: Ford starts biggest digital blitz ever. The Detroit News
(December 21, 2006). Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
read the copyright
Search Dictionary: a dictionary of the most common search terms and keywords used on the internet.